The word "the" occupies a unique place in the Englishlanguage as the only word that grammarians classify as a definitearticle. It's not quite so simple in Spanish, where the English "the"has four equivalents. Like most adjectives, the definite article inSpanish varies with number and gender:
- Singular masculine: el
- Singular feminine: la
- Plural masculine: los
- Plural feminine: las
With abstract nouns and nouns used in a general sense:In English, the article is often omitted with abstract nouns and nounsthat refer more to a concept than a tangible item. But it still isneeded in Spanish. A few examples might help clarify: La ciencia es importante. (Science is important.) Creo en la justicia. (I believe in justice.) Estudio la literatura. (I study literature.) La primavera es bella. (Spring is beautiful.)
With most titles of people: The definite article is used before most titles of a person being talked about. El presidente Bush vive en la Casa Blanca. (President Bush lives in the White House.) Voy a la oficina de la doctora González. (I'm going to the office of Dr. Gonzalez.) Mi vecina es la señora Jones. (My neighbor is Mrs. Jones.) The article is omitted, however, when directly addressing the person. ¿Cómo está usted? profesora Barrera. (How are you, Professor Barrera?)
Before days of the week: Days of the week are always masculine. Except in constructions where the day of the week follows a form of ser (a verb for "to be"), as in hoy es martes (today is Tuesday), the article is needed. Vamos a la escuela los lunes. (We go to school on Mondays.) El tren sale el miércoles. (The train leaves on Wednesday.)
Before verbs used as subjects: In Spanish, infinitives (the basic form of a verb) can be used as nouns. The article el is used when one is used as the subject of a sentence. El escribir es difícil. (Writing is difficult.) El esquiar es peligroso. (Skiing is dangerous.) No me gusta el nadar. (I don't like swimming. In Spanish, this sentence has an inverted word order that makes nadar the subject.)
Often before names of languages:The article generally is used before names of languages. But it can beomitted immediately following a verb that is used often with languages,such as hablar (to speak), or after the preposition en. El inglés es la lengua de Belice. (English is the language of Belize.) El alemán es difícil. (German is difficult.) Hablo bien el español. (I speak Spanish well.) But, hablo español. (I speak Spanish.) No puede escribir en francés. (He can't write in French.)
With some place names:Although the definite article is seldom mandatory with place names, itis often used with many of them. The list of place names using thedefinite article is quite arbitrary and can be found here. La Habana es bonita. (Havana is pretty.) La India tiene muchas lenguas. (India has many languages.)
With nouns joined by "and": In English, it often isn't necessary to include the "the" before each noun in a series. But Spanish often requires it. La madre y el padre están felices. (The mother and father are happy.) Compré la silla y la mesa. (I bought the chair and table.)
Note: Spanish also has a neuter definite article, lo, explained in this lesson. It has specific uses different than most of the ones listed on this page.
