'TOP'에 해당되는 글 13건

  1. 2008.11.16 Clinton Among Top Picks For State by CEOinIRVINE
  2. 2008.11.14 Top-Earning Female Athletes by CEOinIRVINE
  3. 2008.10.02 Linux Memory/CPU administration by CEOinIRVINE
Sen. Hillary Clinton responded to rumors that she is being considered a possible candidate for secretary of state.
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Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton is among the top contenders to become secretary of state in Barack Obama's administration, officials familiar with the selection process said, part of what appears to be an effort by the incoming president to reach out to former rivals and consider unexpected moves as he assembles his Cabinet.

Obama secretly met with his rival for the Democratic nomination in Chicago on Thursday night, and as news of the visit leaked it sparked a day-long frenzy of speculation that she had been offered, and probably would accept, the position. Clinton allies expressed delight at the prospect, while some Obama supporters reacted with shock at the prospect of the president-elect naming her the nation's top diplomat. Aides to Obama and Clinton gave no formal comment on the meeting or whether the job had been offered.

As word of Clinton's emergence as a serious candidate spread, Obama held a separate meeting Friday with New Mexico Gov. Bill Richardson, a Democratic official said, a signal that another opponent in the Democratic nominating contest with a deep résumé is also under consideration.

Sen. John F. Kerry (D-Mass.), who worked aggressively for Obama's election, is also on the shortlist, two officials said. Any of those three would present opportunities and challenges for Obama as he tries to piece together a Cabinet that is diverse and that would bring the kinds of qualifications that could calm some doubts about his experience.

Clinton, a former first lady who won 18 million votes in the Democratic primaries, would bring star quality to a position that will be critical in the incoming president's effort to keep his promise of changing the nation's image around the world.

But nominating Clinton would come with substantial risks for Obama, adding a potential degree of tension to an inner circle that has prided itself on cohesiveness. Nor would Clinton, who voted to authorize the war in Iraq, be an obvious choice to convey the message of change that has defined Obama.

In addition to her initial differences with Obama on Iraq, Clinton also faced sharp criticism during the primaries when she said she had endured sniper fire in Bosnia, despite television footage showing otherwise. Some Obama supporters also questioned her foreign policy experience, arguing that it has largely been based on her travels as a presidential spouse rather than being rooted in diplomacy.

Perhaps the most pressing question is whether Clinton would pass the rigorous Obama vetting process, which would include a thorough examination of her husband Bill Clinton's private business since leaving office. Obama aides had said during the primaries that Hillary Clinton was not seriously considered for vice president in part because of the work of the former president, who has made millions giving speeches to foreign entities and companies, including some in China and Saudi Arabia, since 2001 and would be required to fully disclose his private work and to name the donors to his presidential library and global charity. His decision to serve on the board of the Yucaipa Cos., a California private equity firm run by billionaire Ronald W. Burkle, his friend, raised eyebrows, as did questions about whether he played a role in helping a Canadian financier land a uranium contract in Kazakhstan.

The Obama transition team is requiring that all candidates for the Cabinet and other senior positions complete a 63-question application, in addition to undergoing an extensive FBI background check, before their Senate confirmation hearings, according to an Obama adviser involved in vetting candidates who spoke on the condition of anonymity because of the sensitivity of the personnel process. Candidates and their spouses must detail their finances and all corporations, partnerships, trusts, business entities, as well as political, civic, social, charitable, educational, professional, fraternal, benevolent or religious organizations they have been involved with during the past 10 years.

But officials familiar with the process expressed no doubt that Clinton could receive Senate confirmation.

Substantive policy differences exist between Obama and both Clinton and Richardson. While Clinton is generally more hawkish than the president-elect, Richardson, during the campaign, called for an even faster withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq than Obama did.

Richardson has also said he would meet unconditionally with leaders of Iran and North Korea, and he supported free trade pacts. He called for a "new realism" in foreign policy that focused on increased diplomatic efforts around the world. An e-mail sent to Richardson's spokesman late Friday went unanswered.




Posted by CEOinIRVINE
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Top-Earning Female Athletes

US News 2008. 11. 14. 07:17
pic
In Pictures: Top-Earning Female Athletes

 

They've come a long way, baby. A handful of them, anyway.

When it comes to making money in sports, women are narrowing the gap with men, at least at the top of the pyramid. For women, the highest-paid athletes come almost exclusively from tennis and golf, where prize money and endorsement dollars flow overwhelmingly to the brightest stars.

In contrast, women's basketball and soccer are still a long way from producing the next LeBron James or David Beckham.

In Pictures: Top-Earning Female Athletes

Golfers Annika Sorenstam, Michelle Wie and Lorena Ochoa have broken into eight-figure earnings territory, a testament to the LPGA's efforts to globalize. The women's tour not only has top golfers from numerous countries (Sorenstam is from Sweden, Ochoa from Mexico, while Wie is Korean-American, born in Hawaii), but has made a point to broaden its international appeal by holding more events for players in their home markets.

"The tour has a much more international flavor to it," says David Carter of the Sports Business Group, an industry consultant.

Women's tennis has been on the upswing a lot longer, dating back to Billie Jean King's victory over Bobby Riggs in a 1973 match appropriately named "The Battle of the Sexes."

The publicity from that match led to the Women's Tennis Association's first major national television contract, just in time for Chris Evert to blossom as the first TV star of the women's game.

A little bit later, when attendance and television ratings held firm for the prime years of Martina Navratilova, Hana Mandlikova and Pam Shriver, it was clear that the public was ready for strong, hard-hitting women, and an international players roster helped ensure a wide audience.

Today, the four highest-paid female athletes in the world are from the tennis circuit: Maria Sharapova (Russia), Serena and Venus Williams (U.S.) and the newly retired Justine Henin (Belgium).

No question, the compelling rivalries of the past decade, particularly between the Williams sisters, have done a lot to overcome occasional obstacles like the 1993 stabbing of Monica Seles, the downfall (and brief return) of Jennifer Capriati and the degeneration of over-marketed Anna Kournikova into a caricature of herself.

Will women's team-sport athletes ever catch up to men? Probably not any time soon, given the lack of depth that's tied to a shorter history of organization and development.

It could happen one day, though, Carter thinks, given the consistent, incremental growth of women's sports and the national trend that has more women in charge of family budgets and entertainment spending.

"The chance does exist, especially as women's sports get more coverage in the Olympics," he says.

Olympians and WNBA stars like Diana Taurasi and Lisa Leslie don't get the same money from Nike that LeBron does, but they're in the stable. How effectively their personalities are marketed may determine whether the basketball stars of the next generation make their millions or leave the big money to tennis and golf.

ALT
© Gabriel Bouys/AFP/Getty Images
Top-Earning Women Athletes
Tennis players like Maria Sharapova and the Williams sisters top the list.

Maria Sharapova

Tennis

$26 million

There's nothing like the combination of talent and good looks to woo corporations looking to spend endorsement dollars. Sharapova's Australian Open title this year was her third Grand Slam win, along with 16 other singles titles. She's recently added Sony to an endorsement portfolio that includes Pepsi, Colgate-
Palmolive, Nike and Motorola.



ALT
© AP Photo/Francois Mori
Top-Earning Women Athletes
Tennis players like Maria Sharapova and the Williams sisters top the list.

Serena Williams

Tennis

$14 million

The younger of the storied Williams sisters, Serena has bounced back with a vengeance with three tournament wins this year, matching her combined total from 2005 to 2007. Her endorsement stable includes Hewlett-Packard, Nike and Kraft.

ALT
© AP Photo/Ana Niedringhaus
Top-Earning Women Athletes
Tennis players like Maria Sharapova and the Williams sisters top the list.

Venus Williams

Tennis

$13 million

Big sister Venus defeated Serena at this year's Wimbledon final, showing she's got plenty left in the tank. She's parlayed success on the court into her own fashion line, EleVen, a collection of casual and performance footwear and apparel.

ALT
© Mark Renders/Getty Images
Top-Earning Women Athletes
Tennis players like Maria Sharapova and the Williams sisters top the list.

Justine Henin

Tennis

$12.5 million

After ringing up $5 million in prize money during a white-hot 2007, Henin walked away from the sport this past spring, just before her 26th birthday.

ALT
© AP Photo/Claude Paris
Top-Earning Women Athletes
Tennis players like Maria Sharapova and the Williams sisters top the list.

Michelle Wie

Golf

$12 million

A limited schedule this year (injuries, college enrollment) didn't hurt Wie's endorsement career. But if the teen sensation wants to extend her deals with Nike and Sony, she'll need to spend more time on the course in 2009.

ALT
© Scott Halleran/Getty Images
Top-Earning Women Athletes
Tennis players like Maria Sharapova and the Williams sisters top the list.

Annika Sorenstam

Golf

$11 million

The Swede has racked up more career prize money than any female golfer in history--some $22 million. The eight-time player of the year has 72 LPGA tournament wins to her credit, including 10 majors. Sorenstam has announced she'll retire from the tour after the ADT Championship in November, just after she turns 38.

ALT
© Scott Halleran/Getty Images
Top-Earning Women Athletes
Tennis players like Maria Sharapova and the Williams sisters top the list.

Lorena Ochoa

Golf

$10 million

Six tournament wins so far this year have netted Ochoa $1.8 million in prize money to go along with major endorsement deals with Audi and Lacoste.

ALT
© AP Photo/Tony Gutierrez
Top-Earning Women Athletes
Tennis players like Maria Sharapova and the Williams sisters top the list.

Danica Patrick

Auto Racing

$7 million

Patrick's Indy series win in April should set her up for more riches to come, provided she avoids becoming a one-hit wonder.

ALT
© AP Photo/Dita Alangkara
Top-Earning Women Athletes
Tennis players like Maria Sharapova and the Williams sisters top the list.

Ana Ivanovic

Tennis

$6.5 million

The 20-year-old Serb has shot up to No. 1 in the world after winning the 2008 French Open. She counts Adidas, Yonex (rackets) and Juice Plus among her major endorsements.

ALT
© AP Photo/Sue Ogrocki
Top-Earning Women Athletes
Tennis players like Maria Sharapova and the Williams sisters top the list.

Paula Creamer

Golf

$6 million

Creamer's victory in the 2005 Sybase Classic made her, at 18, the youngest LPGA event winner in 53 years. She's signed on with Adidas, NEC and Taylor Made.

Posted by CEOinIRVINE
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Linux Memory/CPU administration

IT 2008. 10. 2. 03:02

 

Red Hat Linux comes with a variety of resource monitoring tools. While there are more than those listed here, these tools are representative in terms of functionality. The tools are:

  • free

  • top (and GNOME System Monitor, a more graphically oriented version of top)

  • vmstat

  • The Sysstat suite of resource monitoring tools

Let us look at each one in more detail.

1. free

The free command displays system memory utilization. Here is an example of its output:

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:        255508     240268      15240          0       7592      86188
-/+ buffers/cache:     146488     109020
Swap:       530136      26268     503868

The Mem: row displays physical memory utilization, while the Swap: row displays the utilization of the system swap space, and the -/+ buffers/cache: row displays the amount of physical memory currently devoted to system buffers.

Since free by default only displays memory utilization information once, it is only useful for very short-term monitoring, or quickly determining if a memory-related problem is currently in progress. Although free has the ability to repetitively display memory utilization figures via its -s option, the output scrolls, making it difficult to easily see changes in memory utilization.

Tip Tip
 

A better solution than using free -s would be to run free using the watch command. For example, to display memory utilization every two seconds (the default display interval), use this command:

watch free

The watch command issues the free command every two seconds, after first clearing the screen. This makes it much easier to see how memory utilization changes over time, as it is not necessary to scan continually scrolling output. You can control the delay between updates by using the -n option, and can cause any changes between updates to be highlighted by using the -d option, as in the following command:

watch -n 1 -d free

For more information, refer to the watch man page.

The watch command runs until interrupted with [Ctrl]-[C]. The watch command is something to keep in mind; it can come in handy in many situations.

2. top

While free displays only memory-related information, the top command does a little bit of everything. CPU utilization, process statistics, memory utilization — top does it all. In addition, unlike the free command, top's default behavior is to run continuously; there is no need to use the watch command. Here is a sample display:

11:13am  up 1 day, 31 min,  5 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.05, 0.07
89 processes: 85 sleeping, 3 running, 1 zombie, 0 stopped
CPU states:  0.5% user,  0.7% system,  0.0% nice, 98.6% idle
Mem:  255508K av, 241204K used,  14304K free,    0K shrd,   16604K buff
Swap: 530136K av,  56964K used, 473172K free                64724K cached

  PID USER   PRI  NI  SIZE  RSS SHARE STAT %CPU %MEM   TIME COMMAND
 8532 ed      16   0  1156 1156   912 R     0.5  0.4   0:11 top
 1520 ed      15   0  4084 3524  2752 S     0.3  1.3   0:00 gnome-terminal
 1481 ed      15   0  3716 3280  2736 R     0.1  1.2   0:01 gnome-terminal
 1560 ed      15   0 11216  10M  4256 S     0.1  4.2   0:18 emacs
    1 root    15   0   472  432   416 S     0.0  0.1   0:04 init
    2 root    15   0     0    0     0 SW    0.0  0.0   0:00 keventd
    3 root    15   0     0    0     0 SW    0.0  0.0   0:00 kapmd
    4 root    34  19     0    0     0 SWN   0.0  0.0   0:00 ksoftirqd_CPU0
    5 root    15   0     0    0     0 SW    0.0  0.0   0:00 kswapd
    6 root    25   0     0    0     0 SW    0.0  0.0   0:00 bdflush
    7 root    15   0     0    0     0 SW    0.0  0.0   0:00 kupdated
    8 root    25   0     0    0     0 SW    0.0  0.0   0:00 mdrecoveryd
   12 root    15   0     0    0     0 SW    0.0  0.0   0:00 kjournald
   91 root    16   0     0    0     0 SW    0.0  0.0   0:00 khubd
  185 root    15   0     0    0     0 SW    0.0  0.0   0:00 kjournald
  186 root    15   0     0    0     0 SW    0.0  0.0   0:00 kjournald
  576 root    15   0   712  632   612 S     0.0  0.2   0:00 dhcpcd

The display is divided into two sections. The top section contains information related to overall system status — uptime, load average, process counts, CPU status, and utilization statistics for both memory and swap space. The lower section displays process-level statistics, the exact nature of which can be controlled while top is running.

Warning Warning
 

Although top looks like a simple display-only program, this is not the case. top uses single character commands to perform various operations; if you are logged in as root, it is possible to change the priority and even kill any process on your system. Therefore, until you have reviewed top's help screen (type [?] to display it), it is safest to only type [q] (which exits top).

2.1. The GNOME System Monitor — A Graphical top

If you are more comfortable with graphical user interfaces, the GNOME System Monitor may be more to your liking. Like top, the GNOME System Monitor displays information related to overall system status, process counts, memory and swap utilization, and process-level statistics.

However, the GNOME System Monitor goes a step further by also including graphical representations of CPU, memory, and swap utilization, along with a tabular disk space utilization listing. Here is an example of the GNOME System Monitor's Process Listing display:

Figure 2-1. The GNOME System Monitor Process Listing Display

Additional information can be displayed for a specific process by first clicking on the desired process and then clicking on the More Info button.

To view the CPU, memory, and disk usage statistics, click on the System Monitor tab.

3. vmstat

For a more concise view of system performance, try vmstat. Using this resource monitor, it is possible to get an overview of process, memory, swap, I/O, system, and CPU activity in one line of numbers:

   procs                      memory    swap          io     system         cpu
 r  b  w   swpd   free   buff  cache  si  so    bi    bo   in    cs  us  sy  id
 1  0  0      0 524684 155252 338068   0   0     1     6  111   114  10   3  87
        

The process-related fields are:

  • r — The number of runnable processes waiting for access to the CPU

  • b — The number of processes in an uninterruptible sleep state

  • w — The number of processes swapped out, but runnable

The memory-related fields are:

  • swpd — The amount of virtual memory used

  • free — The amount of free memory

  • buff — The amount of memory used for buffers

  • cache — The amount of memory used as page cache

The swap-related fields are:

  • si — The amount of memory swapped in from disk

  • so — The amount of memory swapped out to disk

The I/O-related fields are:

  • bi — Blocks sent to a block device

  • bo— Blocks received from a block device

The system-related fields are:

  • in — The number of interrupts per second

  • cs — The number of context switches per second

The CPU-related fields are:

  • us — The percentage of the time the CPU ran user-level code

  • sy — The percentage of the time the CPU ran system-level code

  • id — The percentage of the time the CPU was idle

When vmstat is run without any options, only one line is displayed. This line contains averages, calculated from the time the system was last booted.

However, most system administrators do not rely on the data in this line, as the time over which it was collected varies. Instead, most administrators take advantage of vmstat's ability to repetitively display resource utilization data at set intervals. For example, the command vmstat 1 displays one new line of utilization data every second, while the command vmstat 1 10 displays one new line per second, but only for the next ten seconds.

In the hands of an experienced administrator, vmstat can be used to quickly determine resource utilization and performance issues. But to gain more insight into those issues, a different kind of tool is required — a tool capable of more in-depth data collection and analysis.

4. The Sysstat Suite of Resource Monitoring Tools

While the previous tools may be helpful for gaining more insight into system performance over very short time frames, they are of little use beyond providing a snapshot of system resource utilization. In addition, there are aspects of system performance that cannot be easily monitored using such simplistic tools.

Therefore, a more sophisticated tool is necessary. Sysstat is such a tool.

Sysstat contains the following tools related to collecting I/O and CPU statistics:

iostat

Displays an overview of CPU utilization, along with I/O statistics for one or more disk drives.

mpstat

Displays more in-depth CPU statistics.

Sysstat also contains tools that collect system resource utilization data and create daily reports based on that data. These tools are:

sadc

Known as the system activity data collector, sadc collects system resource utilization information and writes it to a file.

sar

Producing reports from the files created by sadc, sar reports can be generated interactively or written to a file for more intensive analysis.

The following sections explore each of these tools in more detail.

4.1. The iostat command

The iostat command at its most basic provides an overview of CPU and disk I/O statistics:

Linux 2.4.18-18.8.0 (pigdog.example.com)     12/11/2002

avg-cpu:  %user   %nice    %sys   %idle
           6.11    2.56    2.15   89.18

Device:            tps   Blk_read/s   Blk_wrtn/s   Blk_read   Blk_wrtn
dev3-0            1.68        15.69        22.42   31175836   44543290
          

Below the first line (which displays the system's kernel version and hostname, along with the current date), iostat displays an overview of the system's average CPU utilization since the last reboot. The CPU utilization report includes the following percentages:

  • Percentage of time spent in user mode (running applications, etc.)

  • Percentage of time spent in user mode (for processes that have altered their scheduling priority using nice(2))

  • Percentage of time spent in kernel mode

  • Percentage of time spent idle

Below the CPU utilization report is the device utilization report. This report contains one line for each active disk device on the system and includes the following information:

  • The device specification, displayed as dev<major-number>-sequence-number, where <major-number> is the device's major number[1], and <sequence-number> is a sequence number starting at zero.

  • The number of transfers (or I/O operations) per second.

  • The number of 512-byte blocks read per second.

  • The number of 512-byte blocks written per second.

  • The total number of 512-byte blocks read.

  • The total number of 512-byte block written.

This is just a sample of the information that can be obtained using iostat. For more information, see the iostat(1) man page.

4.2. The mpstat command

The mpstat command at first appears no different from the CPU utilization report produced by iostat:

Linux 2.4.18-14smp (pigdog.example.com)      12/11/2002

07:09:26 PM  CPU   %user   %nice %system   %idle    intr/s
07:09:26 PM  all    6.40    5.84    3.29   84.47    542.47
          

With the exception of an additional column showing the interrupts per second being handled by the CPU, there is no real difference. However, the situation changes if mpstat's -P ALL option is used:

Linux 2.4.18-14smp (pigdog.example.com)      12/11/2002

07:13:03 PM  CPU   %user   %nice %system   %idle    intr/s
07:13:03 PM  all    6.40    5.84    3.29   84.47    542.47
07:13:03 PM    0    6.36    5.80    3.29   84.54    542.47
07:13:03 PM    1    6.43    5.87    3.29   84.40    542.47
          

On multiprocessor systems, mpstat allows the utilization for each CPU to be viewed individually, making it possible to determine how effectively each CPU is being used.

4.3. The sadc command

As stated earlier, the sadc command collects system utilization data and writes it to a file for later analysis. By default, the data is written to files in the /var/log/sa/ directory. The files are named sa<dd>, where <dd> is the current day's two-digit date.

sadc is normally run by the sa1 script. This script is periodically invoked by cron via the file sysstat, which is located in /etc/crond.d. The sa1 script invokes sadc for a single one-second measuring interval. By default, cron runs sa1 every 10 minutes, adding the data collected during each interval to the current /var/log/sa/sa<dd> file.

4.4. The sar command

The sar command produces system utilization reports based on the data collected by sadc. As configured in Red Hat Linux, sar is automatically run to process the files automatically collected by sadc. The report files are written to /var/log/sa/ and are named sar<dd>, where <dd> is the two-digit representations of the previous day's two-digit date.

sar is normally run by the sa2 script. This script is periodically invoked by cron via the file sysstat, which is located in /etc/crond.d. By default, cron runs sa2 once a day at 23:53, allowing it to produce a report for the entire day's data.

4.4.1. Reading sar Reports

The format of a sar report produced by the default Red Hat Linux configuration consists of multiple sections, with each section containing a specific type of data, ordered by the time of day that the data was collected. Since sadc is configured to perform a one-second measurement interval every ten minutes, the default sar reports contain data in ten-minute increments, from 00:00 to 23:50[2].

Each section of the report starts with a heading that illustrates the data contained in the section. The heading is repeated at regular intervals throughout the section, making it easier to interpret the data while paging through the report. Each section ends with a line containing the average of the data reported in that section.

Here is a sample section sar report, with the data from 00:30 through 23:40 removed to save space:

00:00:01          CPU     %user     %nice   %system     %idle
00:10:00          all      6.39      1.96      0.66     90.98
00:20:01          all      1.61      3.16      1.09     94.14
…
23:50:01          all     44.07      0.02      0.77     55.14
Average:          all      5.80      4.99      2.87     86.34
            

In this section, CPU utilization information is displayed. This is very similar to the data displayed by iostat.

Other sections may have more than one line's worth of data per time, as shown by this section generated from CPU utilization data collected on a dual-processor system:

00:00:01          CPU     %user     %nice   %system     %idle
00:10:00            0      4.19      1.75      0.70     93.37
00:10:00            1      8.59      2.18      0.63     88.60
00:20:01            0      1.87      3.21      1.14     93.78
00:20:01            1      1.35      3.12      1.04     94.49
…
23:50:01            0     42.84      0.03      0.80     56.33
23:50:01            1     45.29      0.01      0.74     53.95
Average:            0      6.00      5.01      2.74     86.25
Average:            1      5.61      4.97      2.99     86.43
            

There are a total of seventeen different sections present in reports generated by the default Red Hat Linux sar configuration; many are discussing in upcoming chapters. For more information about the data contained in each section, see the sar(1) man page.

Notes

[1]

Device major numbers can be found by using ls -l to display the desired device file in /dev/. Here is sample output from ls -l /dev/hda:

brw-rw----    1 root     disk       3,   0 Aug 30 19:31 /dev/hda
                  

The major number in this example is 3, and appears between the file's group and its minor number.

[2]

Due to changing system loads, the actual time that the data was collected may vary by a second or two.

Posted by CEOinIRVINE
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